Understanding Cascade Control Loops

Cascade with feedforward
Cascade with feedforward (image courtesy of Eurotherm).

Cascade control is a technique used to enable processes with long lags to be controlled with the fastest possible response to process disturbances including setpoint changes, while still minimizing the potential for overshoot. This is achieved by controlling a secondary, more responsive process that influences the main process. The main process is controlled using a master PID loop, the output of which is used to determine the setpoint of the secondary process which is controlled by a second PID loop. This second loop is referred to as the slave loop.

Benefits of Cascade Control:
  • Accurate control of load
  • Compensation for process delays
  • Overheating protection
  • Optimum Process response
For example, in the vacuum heat treatment furnace shown below, the workpiece temperature can be controlled using a cascade configuration where the furnace workpiece temperature is used by the master loop and the the heating element temperature is used by the slave loop.

Cascade with feedforward
Vacuum heat treatment furnace
Vacuum heat treatment furnace.
(Image courtesy of Eurotherm)


Feedforward is an option available when using cascade control. It allows either the master PV, master SP or user defined variable to be fed forward so that it directly influences the slave setpoint (see diagram below).This minimizes the amount of work required from the master PID loop.

Master SP/PV feedforward

In this mode the feedforward limits are set directly in the slave loop’s engineering units, which also adjusts the gain of the feedforward path. In the case of PV feedforward this allows the difference between the master and slave PV’s to be limited and is often called “Delta T control”. This is used on reactor vessels and autoclaves to limit temperature gradients, thus minimizing processing time and ensuring consistent product quality.

Process feedforward
Pasteurization
Pasteurization (image courtesy of Eurotherm).


An example where cascade control with feedforward can be used is in pasteurization heat exchangers. The feedforward signal allows the controller to compensate for rapid variations in inlet flow therefore maintaining a stable outlet temperature.

Cascade Control is ideal for:
  • Heat treatment furnaces
  • Vacuum furnaces
  • Autoclaves
  • Semiconductor diffusion
  • Batch reaction vessels
  • Heat exchangers
  • Crystal growth
  • Distillation columns
For more information regarding applying controllers to any process heating application, contact Hile Controls of Alabama. They can be reached by calling 800-536-0269 or visit their web site at https://hilealabama.com.

Reprinted with permission from Eurotherm.

Guided Wave Radar vs. Differential Pressure Level Transmitter

An application guide courtesy of Tek-Trol Technology Solutions and Hile Controls of Alabama.

Differential Pressure (DP) transmitters can be traced back to the 1950s. Since then they have served as one the most popular technologies for fluid level measurement and have left their mark in process industry. The application range is vast and varies from chemical, petrochemical, and refineries to electric power generation and more. Over the years, Differential Pressure transmitters have single handedly dominated the worldwide market of process level measurement instruments with the largest sales volume.

Guided Wave Radar is a revolutionary method of liquid level measurement in which high-frequency electromagnetic waves are guided to travel from transmitter to the material to be measured. It works on the principle of Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR).

This application guide provides a comparison between traditional Differential Pressure Level Transmitters and Guided Wave Radars for liquid level measurement applications by analyzing the features and benefits of both.



Hile Controls of Alabama
https://hilealabama.com
800-536-0269