Pulp and Paper Mills: Thermal Flow Meter Opportunities

Reprinted with permission from Kurz Instruments

Kurz Thermal Flow Meters
for Dry & Wet Gas Applications

There are an estimated 700 pulp and paper manufacturing facilities throughout the U.S.  Trees used in paper making are put through a debarker and a chipper, where they are reduced to approximately one-inch wood chips. The wood chips are pressure cooked in a digester and become pulp, which is refined, turned into slush, and screened. Screening drains away liquid, and the resulting pulp is pressed into paper.

Several steps within the pulp and paper making process create emissions that must be monitored and reported:

• Bark is typically burned as fuel for a boiler.
• Chemicals (green liquor and white liquor) used in the digester to separate the cellulose fibers that become pulp result in emissions containing formaldehyde, methanol, acetaldehyde, and methyl ethyl ketone.
• High temperatures during the washing and screening processes generate exhaust gases.
• Any bleaching process includes chlorine or peroxide that must be vented.
• Fiber particles and chemicals are filtered out and recovered. The recovered material is called “black liquor” and is burned in a recovery boiler to provide additional power for the mill, generating exhaust gases.
• Wastewater generated during the pulp process is diverted to a wastewater treatment facility, where it is treated and recycled before being reused or released. 

Creating paper pulp relies on a careful balance of low velocity air flows among the various processes. For example, the recovery boiler following the digester must be modulated to follow changes in the digester load. Other imbalances can:

• Create excessive amounts of pollutant gases 
• Create extra soot to coat boiler tubes
• Reduce chemical recovery efficiency 
• Cause excess corrosion problems for boiler components
• Reduce the boiler’s steam production

Simplified Recovery Boiler (click for larger view)

A recovery boiler uses the chemical reaction of the black liquor to generate heat for the boiler. It has three air flow systems that must be accurately controlled to create stable air flows:

• The primary air flow system maximizes chemical recovery. Primary air optimizes bed size, shape, and temperature.
• A secondary air flow system is used to maintain complete combustion with dynamic mixing. The secondary air dehydrates the black liquor, and controls bed size, shape, and height.
• A tertiary air flow system is used to prevent the chemical reaction/processes from reaching the upper regions of the boiler and damaging the boiler tubes. This also generates an even temperature profile across the unit.
• The molten waste is recovered and dissolved in water to create the green liquor used in the separation process.

THERMAL FLOW METER APPLICATION OPPORTUNITIES

Specific installations have included flow meters used in the following environments:

• Measuring combustion air to a boiler
• Measuring primary/secondary/tertiary air to a recovery boiler
• Monitoring stack flue gas
• Measuring stack emissions
• Monitoring digester gases and aeration air
• Measuring inlet combustion air to gas turbine generator sets 
• Controlling tight fuel-to-air tolerances, such as with natural gas
• Measuring turbine exhaust gases
• Measuring overfire and underfire air

For more information on Kurz Thermal Flow Meters, contact Hile Controls of Alabama by visiting https://hilealabama.com or by calling 800-536-0269.

Digital Mass Flow Meters and Controllers for Gases - Principle of Operation

Digital Mass Flow Meter and
Controller (Bronkhorst)

Principle Of Through-Flow Measurement

The mass flow meters and controllers consist of a metal body with a straight-through flow path. Two sensors are encased with stainless steel and protrude inside this bore; one is designed as a heater and the other one is designed as a temperature probe. A constant difference in temperature (ΔT) is created between the two sensors. The heater energy required to maintain this ΔT is dependent on the mass flow. The working principle is based on King’s law of the ratio between the mass flow and the heater energy. That means the higher the flow, the more energy is required to maintain the chosen ΔT.

Watch this video for an excellent visual understanding.

Applications:

• Measurement and control technology
• Aeration
• Analytical instruments
• Biogas applications
• Burner controls
• Coating plants
• Exhaust gas measurement
• Gas consumption measurement
• Gas monitoring systems
• Gas purging
• Mechanical engineering
• N2/O2-generators
• Paint-spray lines

Hile Controls of Alabama

https://hilealabama.com

800-536-0269

Multi-Wavelength Pyrometers

Multi-wavelength pyrometer (Williamson)

Some materials can be difficult or near impossible to measure with precision using single-wavelength or ratio pyrometers because of their complex emissivity characteristics. These types of materials are called non-greybody materials and their emissivity varies with wavelength.

Multi-wavelength pyrometers use application specific algorithms to characterize infrared energy and emissivity across the measured wavelengths to accurately calculate both the actual temperature and emissivity of these complex non-greybody materials.

MW pyrometers are best for non-greybody materials as they are able to accurately correct for emissivity variations due to:

• Changes in alloy, surface texture, surface oxidation
• Abnormal operating conditions such as a furnace leak, bad roll, or reheated coil (Annealing Line)

For more information about multi-wavelength pyrometers, review the embedded document below, or download a PDF version of "Multi-Wavelength Pyrometers" here.

For application assistance, contact Hile Controls of Alabama by visiting https://hilealabama.com or by calling 800-536-0269.

Multi-Wavelength Pyrometers from Hile Controls of Alabama, Inc.